• Chloroquine, Past and Present.
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Prevalence and correlation of conventional and lupus-specific risk factors for cardiovascular disease in Chinese systemic lupus erythematosus patients. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. Previous antimalarial therapy in patients diagnosed with lupus nephritis: influence on outcomes and survival. Effect of long-term hydroxychloroquine on vascular events in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: a database prospective cohort study. Primary prevention of cardiovascular disease in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: case series and literature review. Relation of carotid intima-media thickness and plaque with incident cardiovascular events in women with systemic lupus erythematosus.

Am J Cardiol. Cardiovascular disease in rheumatoid arthritis: medications and risk factors in China. Clin Rheumatol. The effect of anti-rheumatic medications for coronary artery diseases risk in patients with rheumatoid arthritis might be changed over time: a nationwide population-based cohort study. PLoS One. Meta-analysis of observational studies in epidemiology: a proposal for reporting. J Clin Epidemiol. Stang A. Critical evaluation of the Newcastle-Ottawa scale for the assessment of the quality of nonrandomized studies in meta-analyses. Eur J Epidemiol.

Szumilas M. Explaining odds ratios. Doi SA, Thalib L. A quality-effects model for meta-analysis. A randomized trial of intensive versus standard blood-pressure control. Cardiovascular co-morbidity in rheumatic diseases. Vasc Health Risk Manag. Nat Rev Rheumatol. Subclinical atherosclerosis in systemic lupus erythematosus SLE : the relative contribution of classic risk factors and the lupus phenotype. Clinical efficacy and side effects of antimalarials in systemic lupus erythematosus: a systematic review. Rynes RI. Antimalarial drugs in the treatment of rheumatological diseases.

Br J Rheumatol. Wallace DJ. Hydroxychloroquine: a multifaceted treatment in lupus. Presse Med.

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White NJ. Cardiotoxicity of antimalarial drugs. Lancet Infect Dis.

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High-dose chloroquine is metabolically cardiotoxic by inducing lysosomes and mitochondria dysfunction in a rat model of pressure overload hypertrophy. Physiol Rep. American Academy of Ophthalmology. The cardiac safety of chloroquine phosphate treatment in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: the influence on arrhythmia, heart rate variability and repolarization parameters.



The protective effect of antimalarial drugs on thrombovascular events in systemic lupus erythematosus. Disease-modifying antirheumatic drug use and the risk of incident hyperlipidemia in patients with early rheumatoid arthritis: a retrospective cohort study. Changes in glycosylated hemoglobin after initiation of hydroxychloroquine or methotrexate treatment in diabetes patients with rheumatic diseases.



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Petri M. Hydroxychloroquine use in the Baltimore Lupus Cohort: effects on lipids, glucose and thrombosis. Hydroxychloroquine and glycemia in women with rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus. J Rheumatol. The effectiveness of hydroxychloroquine in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus who are refractory to sulfonylureas — a randomized trial.

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Chloroquine augments the binding of insulin to its receptor. Biochem J. Kalia S, Dutz JP. New concepts in antimalarial use and mode of action in dermatology. Dermatol Ther. Associations of hydroxychloroquine use with lipid profiles in rheumatoid arthritis: pharmacologic implications. Arthritis Care Res. Effect of prednisone and hydroxychloroquine on coronary artery disease risk factors in systemic lupus erythematosus: a longitudinal data analysis. Am J Med.

Borba EF, Bonfa E. These results have been confirmed in Chinese patients with an odds ratio OR of thrombotic complications of 0. Ruiz-Irastorza et al. In , Kaiser et al.

Treating Lupus with Anti-Malarial Drugs

After adjusting for disease severity and incorporating propensity scores, HCQ use was significantly protective against thrombosis OR 0. Jung et al. Broder et al. In vitro and animal studies show that antimalarials improve insulin secretion and peripheral insulin sensitivity. During an intensive outpatient intervention including 38 decompensated patients with type 2 diabetes resistant to treatment, those treated with HCQ mg, 3 times per day during 6 months had an absolute reduction in glycated hemoglobin A1c level of 3.

Hydroxychloroquine in decompensated, treatment-refractory noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. A new job for an old drug? In a large prospective, multicenter observational study of adults with rheumatoid arthritis and no diabetes, Wasko et al.

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Concordant studies show reduced total cholesterol levels in patients taking antimalarials. Rahman et al. Initiation of antimalarials without steroids reduced the baseline total cholesterol by 4. The cessation of antimalarials increased the total cholesterol levels by 3. In addition to confirming the reduction in total cholesterol level, some studies have focused on lipid profile.

This could be explained by the inhibition of lysosomal function by antimalarials, which leads to an accumulation of LDL in the lysosome. In conclusion, antimalarials, alone or added to steroids, appear to have a beneficial effect on dyslipidemia. This suggests that antimalarials, especially HCQ, may have a role in reducing the key risk factors for atherosclerosis in SLE, namely platelet aggregation, diabetes and dyslipidemia.

Accordingly, despite high rates of use of HCQ in their study, Roman et al.

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Two studies have analyzed the relationship between the bone mineral density and antimalarial use in SLE patients. By multivariate analysis, the use of HCQ, either current or past, was associated with a higher spinal bone mineral density. In the multivariate analysis, the use of HCQ was the only factor associated with higher bone mineral density of the hip and spine. There is data showing that CQ may play a role in the treatment of some cancers, especially glioblastoma.