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The announcement of his death comes a day after Chinese health experts announced that they have found effective methods to treat the novel coronavirus which has now killed more than 1, people. The antimalarial drug Chloroquine Phosphate was found to have a certain curative effect on the virus, Chinese doctors said. Patients also received antiviral drugs. At least 73, people have been infected by the virus worldwide — 72, of them in China.

Watch an update from the World Health Organization on coronavirus in the video player above. Earlier in the day the World Health Organization had warned people to avoid stigmatising others with Dr Michael Ryan explaining that even though the coronavirus outbreak is "serious", outside of Hubei province in China, it's affecting a "very tiny, tiny, tiny proportion of people".

The WHO also responded to questions about the diagnostic test, stating that no test is "foolproof". Meanwhile, Chinese authorities announced a drop in new cases of coronavirus, an update that should be interpreted "very cautiously" the World Health Organisation said on Monday. There have been hundreds of cases of the virus onboard the Diamond Princess, a cruise ship that has been quarantined off the coast of Japan. The ship was supposed to be in quarantine until February 19 but that could now last longer. The US has already repatriated hundreds of their nationals from the ship and they are now being held in quarantine at a military base in Texas.

Chloroquine has several mechanisms of action through which it exerts its antimalarial, anti-inflammatory, and antiviral effects. Its antimalarial effects are best understood as they have been studied in the most detail. By preventing the parasite from metabolizing toxic heme into non-toxic hemozoin, the compound causes a heme build-up.

It then binds to heme and forms a highly toxic complex, which causes lysis of the infected cell. As a note; recent research suggests that the previously understood antimalarial mechanisms may be partially or fully incorrect. It has been demonstrated that [chloroquine] inhibits the replication of the human viruses H1N1 and H3N2, as well as the avian virus H5N9. As the infection by the pH-resistant virus H7N3 could not be abolished after chloroquine administration, these findings demonstrate that CQ inhibits viral replication by pHd dependent mechanisms.

Indeed, CQ is capable of inhibiting infection process, but in previously infected cells the viral replication is unaffected. However, chloroquine may present other mechanisms of antiviral. Of particular interest for human pathology is the report that chloroquine inhibits uncoating of the hepatitis A virus, thus blocking its entire replication cycle.

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Finally, chloroquine induces the production of non-infectious retrovirus particles, as shown with the avian reticuloendotheliosis virus REV-A and with HIV Regarding viruses, for reasons probably partly identical involving alkalinisation by chloroquine of the phagolysosome, several studies have shown the effectiveness of this molecule, including against coronaviruses among which is the severe acute respiratory syndrome SARS -associated coronavirus. In , researchers published a study examining the effects of Chloroquine on inhibition of the SARS virus. They found it to have effective antiviral effects on cell cultures, both pre- and post-infection.

The mechanisms of action were not fully understood. Some previous studies had suggested the elevation of pH as a mechanism by which chloroquine reduces the transduction of SARS-CoV pseudotype viruses. In the study, five FDA-approved antiviral drugs were tested for their ability to inhibit the new virus. See their results below:. Besides its antiviral activity, chloroquine has an immune-modulating activity, which may synergistically enhance its antiviral effect in vivo.

Chloroquine is widely distributed in the whole body, including lung, after oral administration. Chloroquine is a cheap and a safe drug that has been used for more than 70 years and, therefore, it is potentially clinically applicable against the nCoV. These results were confirmed by a later review commissioned by the French government, published in early March French researchers analyzed data from 9 studies on cell cultures using Chloroquine, hydroxychloroquine, and chloroquine diphosphate.

A number of types of cell cultures were used including Vero cells and human lung and liver epithelial cells. Below, we present a recent review of its lesser-known effects, on viral and bacterial infections:. A review paper explored the potential uses of Chloroquine against bacterial, viral, and fungal infections in the 21 st century. The researchers analyzed results from numerous studies documenting the effects of the drug on a variety of pathogens. An earlier study also explored the various uses of Chloroquine for antiviral effects and highlighted some key studies involving human participants.

These included:. Based on the apparent effects of Chloroquine described above, researchers hypothesized that the antiretroviral effects were attributable to the inhibition of viral particle glycosylation — effectively inhibiting viral replication. Many clinical studies have been published on the effects of Chloroquine for antimalarial effects.

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These are well-known in the medical and research communities. The results showed that the compound was consistently superior to control in inhibiting the exacerbation of pneumonia, improving lung imaging findings, promoting a virus-negative conversion, and shortening the disease course.

The highest survival rate Since Chloroquine is a widely-used antimalarial agent, its potential adverse effects in humans are well understood.

Before prescribing Chloroquine or hydroxychloroquine for malaria treatment or prophylaxis, physicians are typically advised to perform a number of tests in order to prevent adverse effects like retinopathy or kidney issues. Ocular symptoms of retinopathy include blurred and partial loss of central vision, side vision and in the later stage, night vision.

Symptoms of corneal deposits include haloes and glare. Clinical research has resulted in precise screening protocols and safe dosing guidelines to prevent ocular toxicity and detect retinal damage at an early stage.

Chloroquine phosphate. US National Library of Medicine. Chloroquine diphosphate salt. Sigma Aldrich. Product comparison guide.

Lowe, D. Covid Small Molecule Therapies Reviewed.

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Science Translational Medicine. Savarino, A. The Lancet Infectious Diseases , 3 11 , —