While a given act of terror might not exhibit all of these characteristics, it nonetheless bears enough of a family resemblance to be recognized for what it is—an act of terror. Western Conceptions of the Orient. An action that the West nevertheless, persists in following. [13] There is much debate amongst scholars when the Enlightenment began and ended, and feminists’ now argue that because women and the poor were excluded the term does not represent an accurate description of history. See: John Jenkins. The usage of the term ‘existential threat,’—especially in political forums and the news media—it is fair to argue has gripped the public imagination and therefore, terrorism has gained a renewed vigour; and the term has further created a robust and enduring fear throughout the West. New York: New York Review of Books, 2006, 413. https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Eurocentric, [36] For a comprehensive understanding of terrorism being a threat to the balance-of-power in Western and non-Western countries see: Peter Jennings. In the former, under attack or occupation from a superior power, it may be possible to use unconventional tactics such as hit-and-run and selective battles as an effective means of harassment without violatin⦠11. At the level of public policy, one of the most significant debates is whether to classify counterterrorism as warfare or police action. The form of attack, the use of vehicles against the populace has become more frequent[18] and this is because terrorists in the tactical- and kinetic-phase of a low-intensity operation require simplicity, opportunism and vulnerability of the target. See: The National Consortium for the Study of Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism. Whether the decision made by a person willing to commit a terrorist act is empirical or existential (or a combination of both), is a moot point as what is being analysed here the politico-application of the term ‘existential,’ and the concomitant considerations therein. Currently, the term âterroristâ has, in many cases, overcome the rest of them. [17] See: ‘empiricism.’ Dictionary.com/British Dictionary. Report Documentation Page Form Approved OMB No. [7] See: ‘Existentialism.’ Dictionary.com/British Dictionary. Global Terrorism. My own view is that actions against transnational terror networks should have their own classification that is a hybrid of sorts between warfare and police action. The existential nature of a terrorist attack is equally able to be applied to a small group or an ‘army’ such as the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria as the decision-making and homogenization components are similar. But, as Coates also says, a tight definition can also be too broad in that it generalizes without paying attention to the specific context in which an act of terror is committed. From this standpoint all members of the populace—military and civilian—are bona-fide targets and it can be surmised that the existential decision to attack is one of ‘self’ against an overarching enemy. Notwithstanding the abovementioned actions and the tangible- and symbolic-outcomes it can accurately be argued that the actor is an existential threat to the people immediately involved; and to the population at large—in the case of the aforementioned the three liberal-democratic nation-states of France, Britain and Spain. The 9/11 attacks are a quintessential example of terrorism. Terrorists and freedom fighters may in certain contexts use similar tactics or have similar goals, thus blurring the lines between the two except for the context in which each fights. [34] The West, from this point of view has honed the focus of those that would react against its policies and practices. Adding the new terminology ascribes and signals, a fundamentally different view of terrorism and extends it beyond simply being non-state actors taking up arms against the State to that of an actor or actors, using violence as a means of personal expression. Terrorism, guerilla warfare and wars between unequals now called asymmetric warfare is not something new. ; France had been stating for months in 2012, that a West African military force should bring control to Mali. Narco-terrorism is here understood as an integral component of Pakistanâs state-sponsorship of cross-border terrorism used so as to fund and conduct asymmetric warfare against its neighbours -foremost India- and achieve certain foreign policy goals,â points out Wolf. Thus, instead of locking in on a tight definition, Coates argues, we recognize terrorism’s complex and multi-faceted nature by studying it empirically and contextually, showing how the various aspects of terrorism relate to each other, impact each other, and come together as a whole. On the other hand, some commentators classify counterterrorism as a type of police action with the terrorist classed as an armed and dangerous criminal who nonetheless is subject to due legal process. How Do Just War Principles Apply to Drone Warfare? âThe United States has now âweaponizedâ the term (terrorism) in pursuit of its foreign policy goals. They do so therefore in ways that seem random to the population, and which therefore destabilize society and demoralize its elected officials and law-enforcement officers. What Kind of Peace Should America Seek in our War-Torn Era? The (New) ‘Clash of Civilizations’: Migration and Terrorism, 5 Reasons Why the West Got Islamist Terrorism Wrong. 5. Suicide Terrorism. 14. See: ‘Definition of Eurocentric.’ Merriam-Webster. Acknowledging that existentialism is a profoundly nuanced subject matter and one that encompasses many more aspects than those mentioned is a germane yet necessary observation to make. All in some way contribute to ‘the interests and desires of the individual become secondary to the group [or individual cause] and he/she will take any steps to advance its [and if the act is a lone-wolf attack it must, by necessity, contribute to the group] goals.’[41] The actions may be different dependent on the actors, however, this article argues that they are driven by observing the West as an existential threat to their religion, culture, and tribe along with many other aspects of their lives and moreover, the acts of violence will continue as long as the West is perceived as an existential threat. It makes an enemy out of whole categories of people. In more contemporary times the political rhetoric, largely by Western politiciansâ have morphed terrorism into a more lethal dyad: the combination of being an asymmetrical- and an existential- threat. For that reason, before we apply just war principles to terrorism and asymmetrical warfare, we will reflect on what it is that causes us to call a particular person or group of people “terrorists.”, Philosopher David Rodin and others have surveyed the various ways of defining terrorism which can be divided into five categories. Is Terrorism a Legitimate Response to Asymmetric Warfare? Having sketched a portrait of terrorism, we must now turn to an assessment of terrorism in light of just war principles. What are the characteristics, therefore, often exhibited by the terrorism “family tree”? Thus began Osama bin Laden in his “Oath to America,” broadcast by al-Jazeera nearly a month after the 9/11 strikes that killed nearly 3,000 civilians, including more than 400 firefighters and law enforcement officers, and injured more than 6,000 others. During the French occupation of Algeria (1954 – 1962), French military and Algerian government forces were constantly harassed by the guerrillas of the Armée de Libération Nationale (FLN), which objected to French involvement in Algerian affairs. The rethink has been brought about by the pursuit of civilian (undefended) locales and the successes individuals and terrorist groups have achieved in targeting them. Sartre, however describes these actions reflecting ‘a deep responsibility for all humanity.’ See: http://www.public.asu.edu/~jmlynch/273/documents/sartre-existentialism-squashed.pdf. He is also the author of Every Square Inch: An Introduction to Cultural Engagement for Christians and One Nation Under God: A Christian Hope for American Politics. [31] Edward Said. [9], The aforementioned factors are therefore, and by definition, associated with an ‘individual’s unique position as a self-determining agent responsible for the authenticity of his or her choices.’[10] What he/she has become is informed by experiences and their decisions are their responsibility alone. Lessons Encountered. All are intended by a terrorist group, when a government is exhausted from the battles, to sue for peace on favourable terms. Yuval Harari argues that the peacefulness of modern states makes them paradoxically more vulnerable to terrorism than pre-modern states. [11] Existentialism begins with ‘man as existent rather than man as a thinking subject.’ Sartre’s theorizing and philosophising considers man to be the subject, what happens to him is what makes him, it is the philosophy of the subject rather than the object. The Gamble: General David Petraeus and the American Military Adventure in Iraq. Although the word is used regularly, and although we know an act of terror when we see it, it is best to define the concept. Suggests that chemical weapons pose a radically smaller level of threat than nuclear and biological weapons, and that plans oriented towards chemical threats are not adequate as a Homeland defense or response. [33] Samuel Huntington. Read this book using Google Play Books app on your PC, android, iOS devices. A Savage War of Peace. That is the Question. Notwithstanding these factors, attacks of this type have been used as strategic and tactical necessities by terrorists for many decades. Third, agent-focused definitions focus on the status of terrorists as non-state actors or as illegitimate authorities. The type of attack is a reflection of and a response to, what the actor perceives as being an overwhelming problem, and one that he (in these cases the perpetrators were male) must respond to; be part of the cause; and play an active role in opposing the enemy—in these cases the West. The group was also involved in kidnapping and assassinations and had at least 22 core members. Global Terrorism. Whilst the West continues with the abovementioned strategy—and follows the US model of action—exogenous actors will continue to perceive the West as an existential threat and their violent reactions will continue. [20] A Savage War of Peace. The drastic change that has come about for authorities in the West is that they are now dealing with people ‘willing to die in pursuit of the action,’[22] in a deliberate way whereas, in previous decades the aim was to survive the attack in order to fight another day. [16] Jack Reynolds. Islam and the West. The first category defines terrorism in tactical and operational terms, focusing on the type of weapons used or on the mode of employment of those weapons. How Do Just War Principles Apply to Terrorism & Asymmetrical Warfare? the historical context of manifestation and the development of asymmetrical forms of security threats and the asymmetric war as a specific phenomenon. Firstly, when the inferior state is in a position of self-defence; and secondly, when the inferior state is in an aggressive position. In order to understand existentialism at a deeper level it is necessary to observe how it evolved into a way of deduction. But what is “terrorism”? Soft-targets will remain at the forefront of exogenous actors preferred method of objecting to, and repulsing the West. Having a clear idea of what terrorism is will help us know how best to respond justly to the threat of terrorism towards innocent noncombatants. http://www.history.com/topics/enlightenment, [14] ‘Positivism’ was founded by Auguste Comte and is concerned with positive facts outweighing speculation. Terrorist tactics, such as hijackings and suicide bombings, are also considered to be asymmetrical, both because they tend to involve a smaller, weaker group attacking a stronger one and also because attacks on civilians are by definition one-way warfare. Fourth, object-focused definitions focus on the target of terrorism, the deliberate or reckless use of force against noncombatants. As regards disposition, terrorists exhibit a cold, calculated, and impersonal hatred of entire categories of people. The tactical success in future wars depends on at least one of two assumptions. âHis military acumen, ability to devise asymmetrical anti-terrorism warfare strategies, and bringing together unruly groups to work together were unmatched,â Entessar tells the Tehran Times. For the West, terrorists’ acting against the State comprises a triad: the method (violence), the target (civilian or government), and the purpose (to instill fear and enforce political or social change).[6]. Many thanks! The US in Iraq and US and ISAF in Afghanistan are possibly the most significant kinetic interventions with regard to enforcing and reinforcing a Euro-centric/Eurocentrism[35] model of good government and governance. http://www.dictionary.com/browse/empiricism, [18] For a comprehensive list of terrorist attacks 1970 – 2016. There are two different viewpoints on the relationship between asymmetric warfare and terrorism. Terrorism therefore, has been given a renewed prominence and is a higher level of menace. [27] President Rodrigo Duterte’s of the Philippines ongoing ‘war on drugs’ has been criticised by Human Rights Watch due to the number of unlawful extra-judicial killings. The recalcitrance referred to has inspired, and then drawn in many other actors. ‘Mali – The French Way of War.’ The European Institute. 8 Criteria for Deciding When It’s Right to Go to War, 10. Existentialism. conflicts, which are often between states and non-state actors, to new military technology, and to tactics such as terrorism, torture and targeted killings ânamely, to asymmetrical warfare. The phrase was always too broad and too ambiguous, and it implied some kind of unity in the threat that never existed. This factor brings existentialism to the fore as the decision to die for a cause (theoretically) presents a willingness to make the ultimate and most intimate of personal decision-making, one which is free of logic and reasoning. [38] Marc Sageman. California: Sage Publications, 2004, Vol 22, 5-13. Look at America—filled with terror from north to south, east to west—all praise be to Allah! Asymmetric warfare is any guerrilla type operation by a weaker force against a stronger one. There is and remains, however, in the complex narrative of terrorism, an alternate perspective of whether terrorists’ deem the West to be an existential threat. 1st Class Jeff Duran), especially in political forums and the news media, http://www.public.asu.edu/~jmlynch/273/documents/sartre-existentialism-squashed.pdf, https://www.hrw.org/tag/philippines-war-drugs, https://www.hrw.org/news/2010/08/17/nigeria-corruption-fueling-police-abuses, https://www.europeaninstitute.org/index.php/167-european-affairs/ea-january-2013/1683-mali-the-french-way-of-war, http://foreignpolicy.com/2015/02/12/why-did-we-fail-in-the-afghan-war-because-we-didnt-understand-the-place/, The Sovereign Nation-State as a Contributor to Terrorism. Historically, the commentary associated with terrorism consisted only of it representing a threat which employed ‘asymmetrical’ tactics to disrupt populaces. 1. Just like fascism and communism before it, terrorism has gripped the world population with fear. In terms of agency, acts of terror can be carried out by state or non-state actors, but in our contemporary era are usually carried out by non-state actors. Existentialism was a reaction to rationalism and empiricism which has at its core the Enlightenment (1685 – 1815),[13] which is ‘positivistic’[14] and holds the conviction ‘that the true repositories of knowledge are the sciences.’[15] Empiricism retains the predisposition and doctrinal components of ‘all knowledge comes from the sense experiences’[16] and that ‘the mind is not furnished with a set of concepts in advance of experience.’[17]. The West, however, offers ongoing and systemic support for these countries. See: John McQuarrie. We must avoid responding in unjust ways if we wish to be effective in combating terrorism, winning the hearts and minds of the civilian population, and upholding the moral order of war to which we are committed. Groups and individuals that present and are subsequently involved in fighting Western forces in non-Western environments essentially, ‘seek to liberate themselves and their co-nationals from what they perceive to be a colonial situation or a repressive government.’[39] The existential-connectivity of a group is no doubt enhanced through their successes (and losses), and this it can be argued also informs and compels an ongoing belligerence toward their enemy. Never miss a post! Daesh are merely one of many armed groups in the world. When practiced outside the laws of war, it is often defined as terrorism, though rarely by its practitioners or their supporters. Neil Lennon outlines Celtic psychological warfare plan as Hoops boss refuses to give up 10 In A Row dream. New York: Routledge, 2002, 94. Use of terrain This act of war was not launched by the leader or governing body of a nation-state, but by a millionaire—Osama bin Laden—who appointed himself leader of the Islamic world. The group decried the US as an Imperialist power and labelled the West German government as fascist and a holdover from the Nazi era. Encyclopædia Britannica. http://newsroom.ucla.edu/stories/what-makes-lone-wolfe-terrorists-245316, [25] The Baader-Meinhof Group was formed in 1968 and had its origins in the German protest university movement of the 1970s. ⦠The combatants of asymmetrical warfare have received a myriad of names, such as: insurgents, guerrillas, insurrectionists, terrorists, and rebels. Such threats include covert attacks by state actors, state use of proxies, independent terrorist and extremist attacks by foreign groups or individuals, and independent ⦠Existentialism. Although the word is used regularly, and although we know an act of terror when we see it, it is best to define the concept. [21] The number of fatalities, however, does not adequately reflect the overarching perception of the terrorist threat, as the aim of a terrorist or group, is to instill fear in the populace. Donations are voluntary and not required to download the e-book - your link to download is below. VS  There is more to it than a strategic terrorist act. Individual action—in the case of a lone-wolf actor—has (theoretically) much less influence from forces external to the self, for instance other members of a group or cell, and the individual encompasses existentialism and becomes an existential-threat. Future War: How do We Prepare Ethically for Radically New Forms of Warfare on the Horizon? ‘Why did we fail in the Afghan war? Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2004, 98-99. Liberal-democracy, good governance; fair and equal elections, rule-of-law; the illegality of exogenous actors challenging the authority of the State; and transparent government is to name only several components that have been re-asserted as appropriate governance. In upcoming installments of this series, we will address emerging weapons being developed for use against terrorists, special operations and direct action warfare, interrogation and intelligence gathering, drones and robotic warfare, and computers and cyberwarfare. These are a part of human Encyclopedia of Terrorism. https://www.britannica.com/topic/Red-Army-Faction. [2] James Lutz and Brenda Lutz. Misunderstanding Terrorism. How Do Just War Principles Apply to Terrorism & Asymmetrical Warfare? To Fight or Not to Fight? As all warfare throughout history has been asymmetric to a greater or lesser extent, this ânewâ âAsymmetric Warfareâ (note the capitals to enforce the semantics) has come to be defined as otherwise militarily inferior forces seeking to strike at more powerful adversaries by targeting and exploiting weaknesses of the ⦠[32] Eric Margolis. Terrorism in the Twenty-First Century. [4] ee:’Nigeria Chibok abductions: What we know.’ BBCNews. 23 Author: Ekaterina Stepanova Created Date 27 July, 2017 http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/07/soliders-killed-taliban-storms-kandahar-base-170726080235545.html, [30] Andrew Rohrer. The link that is able to be made here is a terrorist, when reacting through the prism of violence is effectively, using violence as an extension of their reality. Guerrilla warfare, occurring between lightly armed partisans and a conventional army, is an example of asymmetrical warfare. This essay, therefore argues that an act of terrorism, is considered to be an act on behalf of all humanity and the betterment of it which encompasses fellow humans that believe in their cause, and the saving of those that do not. Just war principles reveal that terrorism is an aggressively and systematically unjust form of warfare. Image by DVIDSHUB (Sgt. Before you download your free e-book, please consider donating to http://newsroom.ucla.edu/stories/what-makes-lone-wolfe-terrorists-245316, [24] UCLANews. Acknowledging that there are slight variations to the thematic definitions of what it is to be an ‘existentialist’ and to involve oneself in ‘existentialism,’ is dependent upon which scholarly practice and interpretation is applied. http://www.ussartf.org/world_trade_center_disaster.htm. 0704-0188 Public reporting ⦠It explores the concept of insurgency as well the objectives it is focused on, interrogating the traditional and modern terrorist insurgencies and drawing a distinction between counter-insurgency and counter-terrorism. The type of conflict varies widely; historical examples include: Secession of a territory to form a new ⦠Yet, the challenge to build a consistently effective and ethical counterterrorism is one that we must meet, and continue to meet, as new and extreme iterations of terrorism emerge. It is one which moves it as an act, to beyond a rational decision to that of a personal one. The analytical approach that will be adopted will isolate and consider specifically a number of classic and contemporary concerns, ranging from All content on the website is published under the following Creative Commons License, Copyright © — E-International Relations. Adding the new terminology ascribes and signals, a fundamentally different view of terrorism and extends it beyond simply ⦠To Fight or Not to Fight? In the Twenty-first century it is a germane observation that the number of attacks appears to be on the increase and without doubt this is due to the news cycle and the immediacy with which an attack is reported. The hostility is generalized and indiscriminate. Give up 10 in a Row dream, asymmetric warfare has been attempted by terrorism..., has been attempted by international terrorism way of deduction new form of on! Such as terrorizing, destabilizing, demoralizing, or coercing Chapter 2 explores terms! 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